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The Risk And Return Profile Of Portfolio Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The underlying theory of the following discussion relates to Portfolio Theory. Assessing a risk-return profile of a portfolio entails not only determining the portfolio expected return and comparing it with the expected portfolio standard deviation of returns, but also assessing the correlation of expected returns between the assets making up the portfolio. The Portfolio Expected Return and Standard Deviation The portfolio expected return is the weighted average (percentage value) of the expected returns for the portfolios individual assets. For a two asset portfolio,  [1]  the Portfolio Expected Return is calculated as follows:- The portfolio standard deviation encompasses not only the variances of the individual assets, but also the covariance between the rates of return for the pair/s of assets in the portfolio. Covariance measures the degree to which two variables move together relative to their individual mean values over time. Its magnitude depends on the variances of the individual return series and also the relationship between the series. Correlation  [2]  is a statistical measure of the degree of relationship between two variables in terms of a range between -1.00 and +1.00. A portfolio standard deviation (in terms of correlation) is calculated as follows:- In order to evaluate the risk return profile and the diversification effect of a portfolio made up of two assets (Example illustrated in Table 1), we are going to take four Cases with differing correlations. For each Case, we are also going to illustrate three Portfolios with different weightings. Table 1 Case A A -1 correlation depicts a perfect negative relationship and represents the true benefits of diversification for minimizing risk. Had the two assets individual returns and standard deviations been equal, the standard deviation would have been zero  [3]  . Amongst the four Cases, this Case yields the lowest value of portfolio standard deviation. Case B Perfectly positive correlation means that the standard deviation for the portfolio is the weighted average of the standard deviations of the individual assets. A value of +1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship between the two assets thus exhibiting no diversification benefits and highest portfolio standard deviation value. Diversification benefits would only be observed in cases where there is less than perfect correlation. Case C A zero correlation means that the change in price of one asset has no effect on the price change of the other asset. The returns have no linear relationship, that is, they are statistically uncorrelated. Varying portfolio weightings under such scenario, would not explain anything on the overall portfolio risk. Case D The actual correlation of 0.67% has a positive value closer to 1 indicating a positive linear association between the two assets. Similar to what happened in Cases A and C, when comparing the outcomes for Portfolios 1 and 2, it would transpire that despite of the increasing proportion of the riskier asset (Canon), the overall standard deviation is lower. This is due to the diversification effect and the less than perfect correlation is acting as a hedge to a portfolio composed solely of Toyota. As the percentage held in Canon is increased, it eventually causes the portfolio standard deviation to rise. Plotting the dat a for the three Portfolios for the four cases would result in four opportunity sets that would reflect potential combinations of efficient frontiers outlining also, the minimum-variance portfolio  [4]  . The Portfolio having the lowest correlation would have the bandiest type of curve to the left. Thus, investors could maintain their rate of return while reducing the risk level of their portfolio, by combining portfolios that have a less than perfect positive correlation. A notable result of Cases A, C and D in Table2 is that with a correlation of less than 1, it is possible to derive portfolios that have lower risk than either single asset. A basic principle of correlation is that as correlation falls below 1, the portfolio standard deviation must fall as more diversification effect would be present. This feature is evident in Table2. Toyota and Canon, both Japanese export companies, tend to be heavily effected by the fluctuations in the Japanese Yen  [5]  . Thus, a pri ori, one would expect some level of positive correlation (Exhibit 3). Given a correlation of 0.67, a diligent investor could still be careful in choosing the best combination of assets yielding maximum return for a given level of risk. In our example, for Case D (out of the three possible portfolios), a risk averse investor would choose Portfolio B, as it carries the highest return at lowest risk. Despite of effective asset allocation, there may still be systematic risks which would affect even a portfolio made up of totally uncorrelated assets. Nonetheless, diversification is a key tool against random events in the market, especially during periods when the correlation level across various assets is high. Part 2 Introduction This part of the essay shall outline commonly-used Capital Budgeting measures. A discussion will follow detailing the benefits of two popular measures, which would at the same time, shed light about the short-comings of competing measures. Capital Budgeting is a cost-benefit exercise, entailing the process that companies use for making corporate investing and financing decisions on capital projects. Projects to be undertaken would be accepted or rejected based on the criterion being used. Capital Budgeting Measures (CBM) Net Present Value (NPV) NPV represents the difference between the present value of all future after-tax cash-flows (discounted to their present value by the required return r the opportunity cost of capital). The NPV is then compared with the capital outlay required by the investment. An investment would be worth undertaking if its return is at least equal to the return available in the financial markets. Since the NPV represents the amount by which the i nvestors wealth increases as a result of the investment, the decision rule for the NPV is to accept a project if NPV is greater than zero. Conversely, a project would be rejected if NPV is less than zero. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR is calculated by discounting the net cash-flows at the IRR, until NPV is equal to zero. The discount rate in this measure is the IRR instead of r and does not depend on the interest rate prevailing in the capital market. Therefore, the number is intrinsic to the project and depending only upon the projects cash-flows. The decision rule for the IRR is to invest if the IRR exceeds the required rate of return for a project. Payback Period (PP) This method focuses on payback rather than profitability and it measures the number of years required for a project to recover its initial investment. PP considers that the shorter the payback period, the more attractive the investment is. Discounted Payback Period (DPP) This method follows the same principle followed by the PP method but also takes into consideration the time value of money. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) ARR is the average project earnings after taxes and depreciation, divided by the average book value of the investment during its life. Profitability Index (PI) PI is the present value of a projects future cash-flows divided by the initial investment. This measure is closely related to NPV, in the sense that the PI is the ratio of the present value of future cash-flows, while the NPV is the difference between the present value of future cash-flows and the initial investment. A basic principle of this measure is that whenever the NPV is positive, the PI will be greater than one. In such case, one should accept the project and when PI is less than one, the project should be rejected. Limitations of CBM Graham and Harvey (2001) presented a Survey regarding the most comprehensive measures used for capital budgeting. The Survey delves into the usefulness of these tools and reports the frequency of the use of commonly used measures used by U.S. and European corporations. From the Survey it transpires that besides NPV and IRR, other measures are also heavily used. The key attributes of NPV include the fact that it uses cash-flows rather than earnings and that the discounting factor caters for the time value of money. IRR is also widely used and occasionally preferred by certain companies, in view of its underlying benefits. For independent projects, using NPV and IRR often yields the same findings. Yet, there are cases involving two mutually exclusive projects, where the two measures would be in conflict. In such cases, using IRR would not be as effective as when using NPV, thereby transpiring some of the IRRs deficiencies. A limitation of IRR relates to the problem when a project has a mixture of positive and negative cash-flows possibly resulting in multiple IRR values. In this regard, NPV would be able to handle multiple discount rates as each cash flow would be discounted separately. Furthermore, in the case of mutually exclusive projects, differing cash flow patterns can cause two projects to rank differently with NPV and IRR. Another circumstance that may cause differing results between the two measures, relates to the size of projects. In view of the more realistic discount rate that the NPV uses, when conflicts exist between the two measures, NPV criterion is deemed as more appropriate. The results of the Survey depict IRR as the most popular approach. This is presumably not surprising, in view of the several benefits of IRR which nearly equal those of NPV. Many firms may perceive NPV as complex and that it requires assumptions  [6]  at each stage, whereas IRR simplifies a project to a single number that decision makers may utilise to deter mine a projects viability. Further to the above, albeit being the strongest measure, NPV has also other pitfalls, such as the sensitivity to discount rates, which when varied, may yield very different NPV results. Moreover, the possibility that an investment would not have equal risk throughout its entire time horizon may require the decision maker to make use of more than one discount rates and hence resulting in a more cumbersome process. Payback method ignores the time value of money and the risk of the project. Moreover, it also overlooks cash-flows after the payback period is reached. Yet, the Survey outlines that it is still heavily used in view of its simplicity and its usefulness as a measure of liquidity. By choosing this method, the risk of loss related with changes in economic conditions and obsolesces, may also be lessened. DPP does account for the time value of money and risk, but it ignores cash-flows after the discounting payback period is reached. Thus, it m ay not be deemed a good measure of profitability since it ignores cash-flows. ARR is based on accounting numbers rather than cash-flows and it does not account for the time value of money. There is no conceptually sound cut-off for the ARR that distinguishes between un/profitable investments. PI indicates the value one should receive in exchange for each unit invested, considers all cash-flows and time value of money. It is also relatively easy to communicate and considered a useful guide for capital rationing and when available investment funds are limited. Potential flaws of this method include the drawback of having to calculate the cost of capital and the possibility of not giving the correct decision when comparing mutually exclusive investments. When choosing an appropriate measure, besides the underlying limitations, other factors are usually taken in consideration, such as, the firms size and the type of industry  [7]  . The valuation principles used in capital budgeting are similar to the valuation principles used in security analysis and portfolio management. In fact, many of the methods used in this area are based on these Capital Budgeting measures. Part 3 Introduction This section of this essay examines how market risk models may be utilised for calculating a firms cost of capital. Market Risk Methods When using these methods, the discount rate to be used in evaluating a capital project is the rate of return required on the project by the diversified investor. The discount rate should thus be a risk-adjusted discount rate, which includes a premium to compensate investors for risk. This risk premium should reflect factors that are priced or valued in the marketplace. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) capture this risk premium and are two approaches used for calculating cost of equity and finding market based risk adjusted rates. The CAPM approach stems from basic relationship pertaining to CAPM theory:- In this regard, the selection of RF would be guided by the duration of projected cash-flows  [8]  . Regarding the equity risk premium, one would typically estimate beta relative to an equity market index to estimate the equity risk premium. CAPM captures both systematic and unsystematic risk  [9]  and assigns a single market risk premium for each security, whereas APT develops a set of risk premia. For an all-equity firm and for a project whose beta risk equals to that of a firm, a projects discount rate would thus be equal to the CAPMs/ APTs estimate of the expected return. APT accommodates the risks that may not be covered by the market portfolio. Infact, it allows for an explanatory model of asset returns and captures the sensitivity of the underlying asset to economic factors. Like CAPM, APT assumes that discount rates are based on the systematic risk exposure of the security. In general: Once the required rate of return  [10]  is determined, this can be used either to find the NPV and hence to determine whether a project is acceptable or not. It may also be used as a rate to compare with the projects IRR. The required rate of return is therefore a hurdle rate and is specific to the projects risk. If we had to remove the assumption that a project has equal risk to that of the firm, the project would then need to be discounted at the rate equal to its own beta and an adjustment would be made to the projects beta. When a firms cost of capital includes both equity and debt, the cost of capital would be the weighted average of each. Hence, after determining cost of equity one also estimate the cost of debt in order to be able to obtain the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) which becomes the applicable discount rate to utilise for the NPVs evaluation. The cost of debt is the firms borrowing rate usually obtained by looking at the yield to maturity on the firms debt. In general, the WACC is:- A mixed-capital structured firm that is considering a project having a different risk to that of the firm, would need to adjust the WACC calculation  [11]  for the risk of the project. Various studies  [12]  have shown evidence that CAPM is the most popular method for estimating the cost of equity capital and that it is used less by smaller, private firms. This result is understandable considering the difficulties related when estimating systematic risk where the firms equity is not publicly traded. References and Websites Bodie Z., Kane A., Marcus A. J. (2007) Part 3 in: Investments 6th Edition (McGrawHill International Edition); Chartered Financial Analyst Program Curriculum; Level I (2008) Volume 4 and Level II (2009) Volume 3 (Pearson Custom Publishing); Hilier D., Ross S., Westerfiled R., Jaffe J., Jordan. B (2010) Corporate Finance Chapters 6, 10, 12 (McGrraw-Hill Higher Education); Research Papers Graham J.R and Harvey C. R (2001) The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the field (Journal of Financial Economics 61 (2001) Accessed from the Online Library; Akalu M.M and Turner R (2001) The Practice of Investment Appraisal: An empirical Enquiry? Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=370935; Web pages Goetzmann W. N. An Introduction to Investment Theory YALE School of Management Available from https://viking.som.yale.edu/will/finman540/classnotes/class6.html (Accessed 29/04/10); Which is a better measure for capital budgeting, IRR or NPV? (No Author provided) Available from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/irrvsnpvcapitalbudgeting.asp (Accessed 29/04/10); Ikeda A. Japanese Stocks Fall as Yen Strengthens-Machine Orders Drop (07/04/2010) Online Bloomberg Businessweek Article Available from https://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-07/japanese-stocks-fall-as-yen-strengthens-machine-orders-drop.html (Accessed 03/05/2010).

The Allegory of the Cave Essay - 1600 Words

The Allegory of the Cave or also known as, Myth of the Cave, is a good example of explaining the feature of the way people think. It is a concept that demonstrates how humans are fearful of change and what they don’t know. Plato says that men are living in an underground cave and it is a situation. The Allegory of the Cave is Platos explanation of the education of the soul toward enlightenment. Plato talks about being free, everyday life, knowledge, and essentially what he wrote to be true. I think that he was very unique with his writings because there are so many ways to look at the world and his way was just one. He was educated highly and is recognized as a philosopher to this day. In The Allegory of the Cave, the men living in†¦show more content†¦Secondly, opinion gives way to knowledge through reasoning, and finally the realization of the forms is mirrored by the level of understanding in the ways of thinking. The input to the resist for knowledge is the reasoning skills acquired through mathematics as they are functional to understanding ourselves. The shadows on the cave wall change all the time and aren’t worth much, but the reality outside the cave never changes and that’s what makes it important. The standards are mainly our concepts of courage, love, friendship, and justice. This is a clearer example of what Plato wrote about. Socrates said that virtue is knowledge which is to know what is right is to do what is right. All wrong doing is the result of ignorance, nobody chooses to do wrong purposely. Therefore, to be honest you must have true knowledge. Plato was trying to find a solution to the problem that although there is fundamental steadiness in the world (sun comes up every morning), it is constantly changing (you never step into the same river twice). An old theory about this problem is that we gain all knowledge from our senses. Plato disagreed with this. He said that because the world is constantly changing, our senses cannot be trusted. Socrates sets up a mathematical problem for a slave boy. The slave boy knows the answer, yet he has not been taught arithmetic. Plato suggests that the slave boy remembers the answer to the problem, which has been inShow MoreRelatedThe Allegory Of The Cave1086 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the allegorica l significance(s) of the cave in Plato’s Republic. How is the cave an allegory of Plato’s philosophy? How is the allegory of the cave an allegory for enlightenment or philosophical education? How and why are most human beings like prisoners in a cave? Who are the puppeteers? What does the world outside the cave represent? What does the sun represent? Etc. What is Plato’s Theory of the Forms? What is a Form? How does the allegory of the cave express Plato’s Theory of the Forms? HowRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave907 Words   |  4 Pagesman follow the law, and how do implications of society affect our behavior. The most interesting topic from the Republic is from Book VII, the allegory of the cave. With the allegory of the cave Plato gives us the power to break the chains that bind us down and leads us to see the light. In the allegory of the cave Plato sets the scene with humans in a cave that have been chained since childhood so they are restricted from moving and looking around the room. These people only see the shadows castedRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1382 Words   |  6 Pageshis most intricate, yet his most important figure: the Allegory of the Cave. Socrates calls on the interlocutors to imagine a dimly lit cave in which a group of prisoners are chained behind a wall in such a way that they cannot move and are forced to stare at a wall all day. Thanks to a small fire, the prisoners are able to see the shadows of their imprisoners and images their imprisoners projected on the wall. Having always been in the cave, the prisoners believe the shadows are true; similarlyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Allegory of the Cave there are prisoners are chained up together in which they are all facing the back wall. There is a firing behind the prisoners and the onl y thing that they can see are the shadows of the people behind them. The fire casts shadows on the wall so this is the only thing that they see. Their entire lives have been based on these shadows on the wall. These prisoners have been chained up since birth, so what they see on the walls is all they know. In the Allegory of the Cave, theyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesof philosophy in Brooklyn College, once said â€Å"The only thing we know for certain is that nothing is certain.† This is the main philosophy behind both Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, and the renowned sci-fi movie â€Å"The Matrix.† Both works deal with escaping a false reality while unveiling a real one. In Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, the escaped prisoner synonymous to the character Neo in â€Å"The Matrix†, exhibiting a shared theme behind both plots. Socrates suggest that with effort, all that isRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave905 Words   |  4 PagesIn the allegory of the cave Plato tries to show us two scenarios where the prisoners experience emotional and intellectual revelations throughout their lives. Plato’s theory was that the ones who truly understand knowledge should guide the ignorant people out of their unenlightened states of being and into true knowledge. The cave symbolizes the people who think that knowledge come from what they see and hear in the world. It also indicates people that make assumptions about life based on the substantialRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesrecognizable image of Plato’s Republic, the message of the allegory of the cave is present not only in Book VII, but throughout the entire dialogue. Plato-as-Socrates uses the allegory to express his views on philosophy’s role in his city of speech which is later shown more deeply with the five regimes in Book VIII. The cities in the five regimes underg o a degradation as philosophy moves further and further away from the ruler; which also mirrors the cave. Plato reveals his belief that the city and philosophyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Explain how the Allegory of the Cave represents Plato’s views about the nature of knowledge and the nature of reality. In the Allegory of the Cave there are chained prisoners in cave who can only stare at the cave wall in front of them. At the back there is a long entrance with a staircase the width of the cave and a fire burning in the distance. They see only shadows projected in front of them from a raised platform and hear an echo that they attribute to what they observe. They talk aboutRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn his allegory of the cave, Plato describes a scenario in which chained-up prisoners in a cave understand the reality of their world by observing the shadows on a cave wall. Unable to turn around, what seems to be reality are but cast shadows of puppets meant to deceive the prisoners. In the allegory, a prisoner is released from his chains and allowed to leave the cave. On his way out, he sees the fire, he sees the puppets, and then he sees the sun. Blinded by the sunlight, he could only stare downRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThesis Allegory of Cave First what is perception and ignorance? Let us define perception as one’s view of life through rationalization of the external world and ignorance as an assumption without proof and contemplation. In the â€Å"Allegory of The Cave†, Plato uses Socrates to explain different types of people, one who sees the physical realm accepting ideas as they form and one who lives in knowledge realm by questioning those ideas. People of the knowledge realm are obligated to helps those in the

Lowering the Drinking Age - 1223 Words

â€Å"What we’re doing now to prevent underage drinking isn’t working; it’s time to try something else.† Although many people argue that the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1964, which lowed the drinking age from eighteen to twenty one, was a good idea. David J Hanson a professor in the State University of New York believed that something needs to be done to make the United States a safer place to live. Is it fair that people in the United States can serve in the military, vote in elections, serve in juries, get married, and enter into legal contracts at the age of eighteen, but not buy alcohol until they are twenty one years of age. Lowering the drinking age in the United States to eighteen will help young adults be more responsible, and†¦show more content†¦Lowering the drinking age to eighteen will encourage drinking in safer environments with supervision rather than secretly behind closed doors. Colleges will be a safer environment if th e government would allow eighteen year olds to consume alcoholic beverages and less incidents of hidden intoxication will occur. As a result of the drinking age at twenty-one, many teenagers binge drink in dangerous and unsupervised places. According to the NIAAA, almost 28 percent of eighteen to twenty-four year olds binge drink at least once a month. Binge drinking is a type of heavy episodic drinking with the primary intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time. Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned ad unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection. Many proponents of lowering the drinking age believe that â€Å"with higher alcohol age limits, young people in the United States find it harder to get alcohol and so binge-drink whey they do† (Debatepedia) As mentioned before, binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning which can have traumatic consequences. According to the CDC, Each year, excessive drinking and binge drinking cause 80,000 deaths across the country. Furthermore, binge drinki ng and any other kind of drinking â€Å"may have lasting harmful consequences, including greater risk for the development of alcohol dependence† (ICAP)Show MoreRelatedLowering the Drinking Age1523 Words   |  7 Pages According to Andrew Herman, â€Å"Each year, 14,000 die from drinking too much. 600,000 are victims of alcohol related physical assault and 17,000 are a result of drunken driving deaths, many being innocent bystanders† (470). These massive numbers bring about an important realization: alcohol is a huge issue in America today. Although the problem is evident in Americans of all ages, the biggest issue is present in young adults and teens. In fact, teens begin to feel the effects of alcohol twice asRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesBryan Blejski ENG 101-010 Ms. Abbott 28 July 2011 Not Lowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There areRead MoreNot Lowering The Drinking Age989 Words   |  4 PagesNot Lowering the Drinking Age There are many different views on drinking alcohol, especially underage drinking. Everyone has different views on the drinking age. Some think it should be lowered and others believe that it should be raised. Then some believe that it should remain the same at the age of twenty-one years old. Keeping the alcohol consumption age at twenty-one limits the dangers of not only those under twenty-one, but other people in the community. Lowering the drinking age will causeRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age1576 Words   |  7 PagesComposition I April 6, 2014 Why the Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-One The United States drinking age throughout all 50 states has been the same since 1984 when a law was put in place by the U.S. Congress punishing all states who did not abide by the legal age limit of 21. Since this law was put into place, it has become one of the most widely studied laws in history. While there are many arguments and new bills being created to reduce this age, especially among college universitiesRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age1336 Words   |  6 PagesStudies show that keeping the drinking age at twenty-one improves lives. When the United States raised the age limit to twenty-one in 1985, a shortage of drinking occurred at a whopping 40% by 1991. As a result, fewer students drop out of high school, less motor accidents occur, and suicides rates dropped significantly. However, lowering the drinking age to eighteen will bring serious consequences on young adults by reversing these statistics. Lowering the drinking age will cause significant healthRead MoreLow ering The Drinking Age Of The Age981 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, there are those who remain persistent in their requests to drop the drinking age to a slightly lower option. Opposition to the legal drinking age of twenty-one has shown to have some support from mostly younger groups of people, without much validation as to why a lowered drinking age would be beneficial to our country as a whole. Yet, there are still some interesting arguments for those in favor of dropping the age at which it is legal to drink to eighteen. Consider how many young adults chooseRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age903 Words   |  4 Pageshelp myself get a better understanding about how others feel about lowering the legal drinking age in the United States and to better understand what role alcohol plays in people’s lives. The first question I asked for in my survey, was what the participant’s age was. I used this question to see if there was a difference on how different generations felt towards lowering the legal drinking age. I was expecting more people over the age of 25 to take the quiz because I didn’t know if younger adults wouldRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal ? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Although most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1429 Words   |  6 Pagesand Thailand are others – with a minimum drinking age over 18† (Griggs, 1). When Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, its goal was to reduce less-mature adults from consuming alcohol and performing reckless acts (Cary, 1). However, despite the current drinking age, 17.5 percent of consumer spending for alcohol in 2013 was under the age of 21. It is estimated that â€Å"90 percent of underage drinking is consumed via binge drinking†¦with alcohol abuse becoming more prevalentRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age857 Words   |  4 PagesAs we know, the United States has the highest drinking age in the world. By 1988 the entire U.S had adopted the Federal Unifor m Drinking Age Act, which set the drinking age to twenty-one. However, in 1920 the United States banned the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcohol. This era known as the Prohibition sparked the popularity of hidden underground bars and events. The Prohibition Era is a prime example of how people did anything to intake alcohol and eventually this led

Roly Polys free essay sample

In the world that we live In today, long distance relationships have become more numerous than any time In the history of our people. Not only that but with society how it Is, people are very often separated great distances from each other for work or military reasons. Design Incubations Centre has Invented a legendary product that will forever change how couples react through the distance that separates them. The Roll Poly Is designed to let two Individuals to sense the presence of each other no matter how far apart they may be from each other.The egg like shape acts in a technological manner than the average person would never even think possible. Each couple gets their own egg and place it somewhere near themselves. If one person touches their egg than the other reflects the movement, no matter if they are down the street or if they are on the other side of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Roly Polys or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This type of technology is so different from everything else that has ever been made. Unlike the internet with all the messaging and video sharing applications, this Roll Poly offers a unique Instant movement, letting the couple feel as if they are right ext to each other.Although this product Is only about half way complete It still has made some huge ground In the idea Itself. For more Information you can find an article and even a video about this product In the source at the bottom of this paper. In the video you can see exactly what has been done and the boundaries of long distance relationships that have been broken. This device is extremely amazing and something that I hope to see in the near future.

WalMart

WalMart-SWOT Essay Strengths Wal-Mart is a powerful retail brand. It has a reputation for value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store. Wal-Mart has grown substantially over recent years, and has experienced global expansion (for example its purchase of the United Kingdom based retailer ASDA). The company has a core competence involving its use of information technology to support its international logistics system. For example, it can see how individual products are performing country-wide, store-by-store at a glance. IT also supports Wal-Marts efficient procurement. A focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development. People are key to Wal-Marts business and it invests time and money in training people, and retaining a developing them. Weaknesses Wal-Mart is the Worlds largest grocery retailer and control of its empire, despite its IT advantages, could leave it weak in some areas due to the huge span of control. Since Wal-Mart sell products across many sectors (such as clothing, food, or stationary), it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors. The company is global, but has has a presence in relatively few countries Worldwide. We will write a custom essay on WalMart-SWOT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Opportunities To take over, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region. The stores are currently only trade in a relatively small number of countries. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India. New locations and store types offer Wal-Mart opportunities to exploit market development. They diversified from large super centres, to local and mall-based sites. Opportunities exist for Wal-Mart to continue with its current strategy of large, super centres. Threats Being number one means that you are the target of competition, locally and globally. Being a global retailer means that you are exposed to political problems in the countries that you operate in. The cost of producing many consumer products tends to have fallen because of lower manufacturing costs. Manufacturing cost have fallen due to outsourcing to low-cost regions of the World. This has lead to price competition, resulting in price deflation in some ranges. Intense price competition is a threat. .

Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essays

Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essays Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Many companies hire product placement firms to gain consumer recognition without the traditional sales tactics. Product placement is a form of advertising and promotion in which products are placed in television shows and or movies to gain exposure. In recent years this form of advertising has grown 46. 4 percent from 2003 to 2004 and grew another 22. 7 percent in 2005. It is now a $4. 5 billion industry (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University is a college formerly known as Strayer college of Baltimore whose headquarters is in Arlington Virginia. The for-profit university currently has 88 locations and is assessable online internationally. In an attempt to further Strayer’s reach three media options are recommended: Content Sponsorship, Advetiainment and Ad-Supported Video on Demand. Utilizing these strategies will help Strayer develop a cohesive and appealing integrated marketing campaign. These strategies are called branded entertainment, which is a form of advertisement that blends marketing and entertainment through television, film, music, talent and technology. The first branded entertainment strategy that is recommended is Advertainment. Advertainment is the creation of video and/or music content by an advertiser in an attempt to entertain views while advertising their products. For example, a company may plan an outdoor concert for the sole purpose of advertising their brand. Strayer could benefit from this by planning a short series of commercials interviewing famous people or people with extraordinary stories that have graduated from a non traditional college and have become extremely successful. The second branded entertainment strategy is content sponsorship. Content sponsorship is when an advertiser rather than developing their own content; some advertisers agree to sponsor specific programs, receiving product placement, integration and promotions in return. For example, MTV decides to have the MTV awards and they look for companies who wish to donate money to the events cost in return for advertisement opportunities during the scheduled event. Strayer University can benefit from this strategy by sponsoring a new movie that is coming on television for the first time. The type of movie that they should sponsor should be one that targets their specific consumer: career professionals, parents, and non traditional students. Lastly, the Ad-Supported Video on Demand branded entertainment strategy. Ad-Supported Video on Demand is specialized content programs offered through cable TV networks that are developed by advertisers and provided to the cable operators for free (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University could benefit from this type of advertisement by producing a short presentation on the success stories of Strayer University. After considering the branded entertainment strategies, media planning is of paramount importance. Media planning is a series of decisions involved in the delivery of an advertising message to prospective purchasers and or users of a product or services. The media plan determines the best way to get the advertisers message to the market (Belch Belch 2009). In other words, we will use branded entertainment techniques however, what are the best ways to do so? Would sponsoring a music video award show be better than sponsoring an outdoor concert? Decisions such as these are critical to creating a successful integrated marketing campaign. Situation Analysis Strayer currently has 88 campus locations and is assessable on the World Wide Web. Strayer currently has 45, 491 students enrolled ( Strayer University). Strayer’s current competitors are other online universities such as Devry, Capella, Waldern and Phoenix. In addition to the online universities Strayer also competes with public and private universities. However, at this time Strayer targets the nontraditional student by the tagline â€Å"we fit your life†. Media Plan The recommended media plan begins with the goal of making Strayer known as the non traditional school for non traditional people who are ready to excel. First, the university would use ad a job fair from noon until the eight in the evening at a hotel. In order creating a job fair and them sponsor a Movie on television. In addition, Strayer should produce a 30 minute movie to be watched on video on demand about strayer success stories. During each of the previous advertiaiment and sponsorship strayer should advertise for its on demand movie. The range on the TV advertianment and sponsorship is vast. If the sponoship is done at the right time, on lifetime the commercials can be expected to reach 3. 9 milliion viewers. The premiere of Jennifer Love Hewitts original movie on Monday night about a housewife turned prostitute hooked Lifetime the second-largest telefilm delivery of 2010 reaching 3. 9 million viewers on July 19, according to Nielsen data. Included in that total were 2. 09 million adults 25 to 54, 1. 88 million persons 18 to 49, 1. 36 million females 18 to 49 and 1. million women 25 to 54 ( internet source). In addition, Rentrak stated that, VOD viewers spent more than 3. 1 billion hours watching on-demand content last year. In an average month, 45% of enabled set-top boxes are accessing VOD. Active users of VOD are ordering an average of 16. 4 free programs per month, 8. 7 subscription programs and 2. 0 movies-on-demand. Viewers placed 5. 1 billion FOD orders and spent nearly 1. 6 billion hours watching FOD cont ent. Subscription VOD content generated 1. 6 billion transactions and more than 1. 1 billion hours of playtime. Transactional VOD content generated over 208 million orders, totaling over $963 million in gross revenues. Frequency The frequency is the number of times a person must be exposed to an advertising message before a response is made and before exposure is considered wasteful. Thomas Smith wrote a guide called Successful Advertising in 1885 that is still being used today which states found the following: The first time people look at any given ad, they dont even see it. The second time, they dont notice it. The third time, they are aware that it is there. The fourth time, they have a fleeting sense that theyve seen it somewhere before. The fifth time, they actually read the ad. The sixth time they thumb their nose at it. The seventh time, they start to get a little irritated with it. The eighth time, they start to think, Heres that confounded ad again. The ninth time, they start to wonder if theyre missing out on something. The tenth time, they ask their friends and neighbors if theyve tried it. The eleventh time, they wonder how the company is paying for all these ads. The twelfth time, they start to think that it must be a good product. The thirteenth time, they start to feel the product has value. The fourteenth time, they start to remember wanting a product exactly like this for a long time. The fifteenth time, they start to yearn for it because they cant afford to buy it. The sixteenth time, they accept the fact that they will buy it sometime in the future. The seventeenth time, they make a note to buy the product. The eighteenth time, they curse their poverty for not allowing them to buy this terrific product. The nineteenth time, they count their money very carefully. The twentieth time prospects see the ad, they buy what is offering. Based on this philosophy, our frequency number will be 20. During the Advertainment, we will make sure that we expose our attendees to the Job Fair advertisement at least 20 times before the date. During the sponsoring of our movie we will make sure that we involve our advertisement 20 times and have our video on demand advertisement make reference to strayer 20 times.

Online classes and attend traditional classes Essay

Online classes and attend traditional classes - Essay Example Online classes however have their disadvantages over traditional classes that limit effectiveness of leaning and both advantages and disadvantages of the types of classes need to be explored before a learner selects a type of class. I, in this paper argue that traditional classes are better than online classes. Conducting a comparative analysis of traditional classes and online classes requires an understanding of fundamental factors to learning processes and effectiveness of the fundamentals to achieving learning objectives. Applied approach to delivery of learning materials and learning concepts, student’s active role in the learning process, and quality of involved activities and processes in learning are some of the determinant of effective learning. Administration of learning processes and support to learners are other fundamentals of effective learning and forms bases for understanding relative effectiveness of traditional classes and online classes. The fundamentals als o explain strengths and weaknesses of the two modes of learning (Kats 290). Two perspectives support application of traditional class system over the online class system. ... The well-defined environment also dictates direct interaction between learners and educators and encourages learners’ participation through questions to educators and responses to prompts from educators. The structured scope also aids administration of learning processes and therefore facilitates achievement of learning objectives because the learning process, learners, and educators all exist in the same physical environment. Traditional class also offers a â€Å"more personal relationship† between learners and their instructors. Physical presence and the role of face-to-face communication such as developed confidence and trust develop a link between the parties and this facilitates interaction and freedom towards better understanding of concepts. This is partly because students are free to ask questions and have confidence to respond to questions when they are in a favorable environment. Traditional classes, unlike online classes, allow for instant responses to questi ons by learners and educators and this facilitates effective learning. It is contrary to the experience in online classes in which an educator may forget to respond to a question, a phenomenon that may discourage a learner and limit the learner’s confidence in asking questions. Learners in a traditional class set up also have the opportunity to interact with one another, develop social ties, and form study groups, and these occurrences expands sources of knowledge to facilitate learning (Sharpe 240). Numerous disadvantages of online classes that traditional classes manage also offer rationale into the preference of traditional classes. Unlike in traditional classes in which educators are able to identify each learner’s need and motivate the learners, the distance in an online class

Analysis of The Economic Organizationof a P.O.W Camp andThe Wizard of Essay

Analysis of The Economic Organizationof a P.O.W Camp andThe Wizard of Oz , Journal of Political Economy - Essay Example The Economic Organization of a P.O.W Camp This article focuses on economic organization of a Prisoner Of War camp written by R.A Radford. The camp organization and politics are matters that concern the present and future existence of the inmates. In this article, one aspect of social organization is economic activities that exist in this camp. Prisoners in this camp depended on their economic activities to provide for their necessities. However, prisoners in the camp were roughly given equal share of the essentials; it is through trade that prisoners would meet their individual preferences (Radford 190). The Development and organization of the market The captives realized that it was undesirable and unnecessary to accept gifts of food or cigarettes in the view of limited size and equity of supplies. This led them to develop trade as a means of maximizing individual satisfaction. The writer talks of a transit camp in Italy a fortnight after capture where captives received food parcel from Red Cross each a week later. Weeks later the donation turned to small exchange trade where they became a custom in the market. Exchanges existed between foods and cigarettes where at the end of a month there was a lively trade in all commodities and their values were well known. The cigarette became the standard of value where goods were exchanged in return although barter trade was not extinguished (Radford 191). Despite the organization in Italy, the market was divided where French, Russians, Jugo-Slavs and Italians were free to move in the camp while British and Americans were in a confinement in their compounds. However, a few cigarettes would grant any man authority to visit their compounds. People who visited the highly organized French trading centre found relatively low priced coffee, and found out later that some of the coffee was sold in black market by some French prisoners. This discovery raised a hostile public opinion against these monopoly profits and led to chan ges in the market (Radford 192). The cigarette became the currency in the market given that it performed all the functions of a metallic currency as a unit of account, a measure and store of value.  

Seeds in Hard Ground Essay Example for Free

Seeds in Hard Ground Essay Ruth Rosenberg’s article, â€Å"Seeds in Hard Ground: Black Girlhood in The Bluest Eye,† offers a paradigm with which to view the growing-up process portrayed by Toni Morrison in her novel, The Bluest Eye. According to Rosenberg, Morrison’s novel is a landmark in literature because she has succeeded in portraying young, black American girls on their road to womanhood. Before her, no documented case in literature has been recorded that featured these girls in the center stage. Always, Rosenberg quotes Morrison, these girls were the props, set as part of the background, the moving scenery (436). More interestingly, however, it is Rosenberg’s treatment and reading of â€Å"colorism† in the novel that calls for attention (439). Colorism is akin to racism, where division and segregation is based on the color of one’s skin. Color, in fact, plays a crucial and central role in the novel, stealthily moving beyond the question of one’s skin. The most important transition of colorism is in Pecola’s wish to have blue eyes. She absurdly believes that possessing such would render her lovable, thereby eliminating pain from her world: If those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different†¦Maybe they’d say, â€Å"Why look at pretty-eyed Pecola. We mustn’t do bad things in front of those pretty eyes. † †¦ Each night, without fail, she prayed for blue eyes. Fervently, for a year she had prayed. Although somewhat discouraged, she was not without hope. (Morrison 40) The longing for blue eyes were eventually destructive for Pecola as her desire for possessing the bluest eyes symbolize her own blindness – and it is this blindness, rather than her skin color, that eventually brings about her insanity and downfall. Pecola’s case is not isolated. The characters that people the novel, themselves perpetrators and victims of colorism, also exhibit their own â€Å"blindness. † Eyes, looking, and gazing all become important symbols in the novel. Despite being able to see, the characters are oftentimes blinded by colorism. As such, the novel underscores a very important theme: the great divide between superficial looking and deeper seeing. For Morrison, the more important way of seeing is painfully missing in the novel, leading to drastic and disastrous consequences. Inside Pecola’s shoe she hides her treasure: three pennies to get her nine Mary Janes. Inside the store, she encounters Mr. Yacobowski, who â€Å"urges his eyes out of his thoughts to encounter her (Morrison 41). † He has blue eyes that are blear-dropped, which he focuses on Pecola as he â€Å"looms up over the counter (Morrison 41). † But Somewhere between retina and object, between vision and view, his eyes draw back, hesitate, and hover. At some fixed point in time and space he senses that he need not waste the effort of a glance. He does not see her, because for him there is nothing to see. How can a fifty-two-year-old white immigrant†¦see a little black girl? (Morrison 42) Pecola immediately recognizes the storekeeper’s stare as â€Å"the total absence of human recognition the glazed separateness. this vacuum is not new to her. She has seen it lurking in the eyes of all white people†¦ (Morrison 42). With the stare Pecola is shamed and angered. Yet, it is not only Pecola’s desire for blue eyes or the white people’s vacant stares that stand for the blindness plaguing the characters caught in the grips of colorism. Consider the case of Maureen Peal, â€Å"the high yellow dream child with long brown hair braided into two lynch ropes that hung down her back (Morrison 52). † Such a description juxtaposes the vicious power that comes with her pretty face. Claudia is at the receiving end, as Maureen often gazes at her with â€Å"unearned haughtiness in her eyes (Morrison 54). † In knowing that she is prettier because she is whiter than the rest, Maureen condescends to them, seeing only their darker skin and eliminating them immediately as people lower than her. In the end, it is only Soaphead Church who listens with sympathy to Pecola’s pleas. He is the only one who sees through the curse of blindness by realizing that Pecola’s wish was â€Å"the most poignant and the one [wish] most deserving of fulfillment. A little black girl who wanted to rise up out of pit of her blackness and see the world with blue eyes (137). † But the price for this was heavy – for only she could see her eyes. Her frustration and disillusion sends her into a downward spiral, from which her friends cannot pull her out of. At the cost of her life, she gained the eyes she wanted. Works Cited Rosenberg, Ruth. â€Å"Seeds in Hard Ground: Black Girlhood in The Bluest Eye. † Black American Literature Forum 21. 4 (1987). 435-445. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Washington Square Press, 1970.

Hiroshima Essay -- Essays Papers

Hiroshima The stories and events that unfold in John Hersey’s, Hiroshima, have certainly been eye-openers for me. As a child in middle school and high school I, we have all heard of the atomic bomb and of course of Hiroshima, but never in as much detail or on such a personal level as these stories. Not even in chemistry or physics class, where I learned some of the specifics as to how the bomb works, had I known of the destructive force of the bomb or it’s gruesome effects on human beings. As I mentioned before, this book was quite an eye-opener for me because it has taught me just how deadly nuclear weapons can be not only on material properties, but on human beings, and why nuclear weapons must never again be used is such a way. The effects that the bomb had on buildings and other...

Patriots vs. Loyalists: Impacts on the outcome of the American Revolution

The American Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783, was predominantly fought between two groups of people – the Patriots and the Loyalists. In general, both the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally identical, such as speaking the same language, wearing the same clothes, and going to the New World with the same goal – to seek a better life. Then why did the two groups fight against each other during the war? Initially, when the First Continental Congress met and protested against Great Britain’s rule, the colonists had no intention to become independent from the crown but only wanted their rights to be recognized.After the French and Indian War, British enforcement gradually became stricter through acts that were placed on the colonies, which eventually led to the recognition and division between the Patriots and Loyalists. Those who favored the idea of independence and wanted to be free from British rule were known as the Patriots, whereas those who supported th e British and remained loyal to the crown were known as the Loyalists.Overall, the different characteristics that made up the Patriots and Loyalists, the individual support towards their respective sides of the war, and each of their motivations and beliefs greatly impacted the ultimate outcome of the Revolution. Although the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally similar within the colonies, there were many additional characteristics that defined the differences between the two. The Patriots were generally wealthy, better educated, and merchants who didn’t rely on trade with England.They were capable of financially supporting themselves by having the â€Å"plantation owners trade [their produce] within the colonies and the merchants using smuggling among other countries besides Great Britain† (Beverly). Though the Patriots didn’t have to depend on the English to maintain their economy, they suffered greatly because Parliament enacted many indirect taxes, and th en later on creating direct taxes such as the Stamp Act, which were paid by the colonists. The colonists reacted with great fury and annoyance to this British action.In contrast, the Loyalists population usually consisted of government officials, those who had family residing in England, and were wealthier than the Patriots. Since they generally had more money, they were not highly affected by the British taxes imposed on them throughout the years, which the Patriots evidently suffered significantly. Likewise, the Loyalists didn’t have the same hatred towards the British than the Patriots had. This, in response, boosted the Patriots’ motive to fight which eventually helped them win the war.In addition to the different characteristics that made up the population of the Patriots and the Loyalists, each of their contributions to the war impacted the outcomes in a tremendous way. Without the support of the common patriotic â€Å"†¦ men and women in the colonies, such as farmers, lawyers, merchants, ministers, and shopkeepers, their struggle for independence would have failed† (Beverly). These people were the ones that supported the economy, kept it running, and provided supplies to the soldiers fighting in the war.The Loyalists also provided supplies such as armory, gunpowder, and food to the British soldiers and fought alongside with them. Though colonial Loyalists were able to fight alongside with British soldiers, they were only able to assist alongside the soldiers because the British often looked down upon the colonists. Moreover, in order to win the war, the Patriots were willing to â€Å"experience suffering, endurance and perseverance necessary for both the military and supporting civilians† (Dillon). If they were short of this â€Å"will†, it would have been extremely difficult for them to achieve victory.Even though the features of each group and their support in the war effort were significant, the motivations and beliefs of the Patriots and Loyalists made the utmost impact on the outcome of the war. The Patriots were furious because they were forced to pay high taxes to support a government abroad that they had no part or say in, and paying higher taxes than some of the other British colonies to finance England’s wars with France (Allen). They believed the monarch was systematically unjust because they were being treated unfairly and were forced upon many things without their own consent.However, the Loyalists also had their own beliefs because they thought cutting all ties with their â€Å"mother country† will lead to a democratic society led by the Patriots, who were –in their eyes- violent, immoral, and not suitable to make political decisions. The Loyalists believed that without England’s protection, the colonies might not be able to militarily defend themselves and other nations will eventually invade them and take over, if they don’t prevent the Patr iots from losing. Nevertheless, the Patriots had something the Loyalists did not, determination and the drive to keep on fighting until they had reached their goal – freedom.On top of the resentment the Patriots felt, they had a strong ambition to fight until the last soldier standing died, unlike the Loyalists, who were primarily set out to collect money for the king and only determined by greed. It can be argued that the only reason why the Patriots had won the war was because they had aid from the French towards the end of the war. However, this is false because the Patriots had great morale as a whole and unlimited determination to fight till the very end, and strong leaderships such as George Washington and John Adams to keep every individual motivated as they fought against the Loyalists.Therefore, it was not only the French’s help that led to the demise of British rule in the colonies. Ultimately, the Patriot’s victory in the American Revolution was great ly impacted by the Loyalist’s decision to maintain their loyalty and the Patriots’ desire for independence. The two groups differed in separate areas such as general characteristics as a whole, strategies in supporting the war effort, and beliefs to follow that subsequently led to the British’s failure.

The Testing Stage Is The Path Toward Finding Process And...

Testing Imtroduction The testing stage is a basic bit of programming progression .It is the path toward finding process and missing operations moreover a whole affirmation to make sense of if the objectives are met and the customer need are satisfied. (Referenced from Software Engineering - A Practitioner s Approach by - Roger S. Pressman). Programming testing is done in three phases The primary consolidates unit testing, where in each module is attempted to give its exactness, authenticity moreover choose any missing operations and to affirm whether the goals have been met. Bumbles are noted down and corrected in a split second. Unit testing is the vital and critical part of the wander, so errors are changed successfully particularly module and program clarity is extended. In this wander entire structure is disengaged into a couple of modules and is made solely, so unit testing is coordinated to individual modules. The second step consolidates Integration testing .It ought to be case, the item whose modules when run autonomously and showing flawless results, will in like manner demonstrate romanticize comes to fruition when continue running as a rule. The individual modules are cut under this noteworthy module and attempted again and checked the results. This is a result of poor interfacing, which realizes data being lost over the interface .A module may have th e ability to have incidental, unfavorable effect on whatever other or on the overall data structures, makingShow MoreRelatedRailway Route Optimizer10483 Words   |  42 PagesRequirements 5. System Testing 6. Software Tools Used 7 Technical Notes 1. Introduction To Real-time programming 2. Introduction to OOPS and Windows 3. Introduction to Java 8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography 1. Abstract Railway Route Optimization System is a product to serve to users who are tourists. 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